Forest Creatures

Sasquatch, Bigfoot, the Yeti: They Do Not Exist And Here Are Reasons Why ( forestry jobs in pakistan )

A number of people around the world claim to have seen Bigfoot ( forestry jobs in pakistan ), Sasquatch, the Yeti, etc. Perhaps such a creature existed long, long ago but these creatures do not exist now nor have they recently.

 

A dead body of a Sasquatch has not been found. This powerful lack of evidence strongly suggests Bigfoot ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) does not exist. Certainly one would have been hit by a car and severely injured or killed by now right? Many thousands of deer have been hit and killed by cars but to date not one Bigfoot ( forestry jobs in pakistan ). People say Sasquatches ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) bury or eat their dead and that is why a body or bones have not been found. Ok.
Why are all or most all of the sightings a solitary adult? Why aren't there more sightings of multiple Sasquatches ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) together? Why aren't there sightings of adolescent or juvenile Bigfoots ( forestry jobs in pakistan )?

 

There are deer, turkey, duck and other types of hunters all over America and the World ( forestry jobs in pakistan ). Many expert deer hunters sit in a tree stand for hours at a time and are well camouflaged. You would think at least one Bigfoot ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) would have been severely injured or killed by a rifle or compound bow over the years...but none have. Many rifles have powerful scopes and a number of hunters are crack shots. So, why haven't any Sasquatches ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) been shot and brought down? The answer is easy---Sasquatch ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) doesn't exist. Farm dog ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) will occasionally carry part of a groundhog or some other critter into their master's yard. A hand or a foot ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) of a Sasquatch ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) has yet to be dragged into a yard by a pet dog. This is because Sasquatch ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) doesn't exist.

Most people are honest and thus tend to think those around them are honest too. This is a common misconception amongst honest people. There are liars and people who tell tall tales all around. These dishonest people can tell fantastic stories with a straight face and may eventually come to believe it themselves. Many people have been deceived by liars and tellers of tall tales ( forestry jobs in pakistan ). Many people fall victim to Sasquatch ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) pranksters. It would really not be difficult for a creative person to make and strap on some Bigfoot ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) shoes and walk around somewhere. Others would then find the prints, or be led to them by the prankster, and think a Bigfoot ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) has been around. Before you know it it would be in the newspapers and on tv.

Many of the so called sightings are no doubt people dressed up in a Bigfoot ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) costume. These pranksters, for example, may go near a camping destination. The person in the outfit will then run across a clearing about half a mile away knowing someone will see them. They realize someone may take a picture or catch them on video. Can you imagine how much fun this must be to the prankster and his helpers? The pranksters get a bit liquored up ahead of time and then after the stunt must laugh and laugh. I'm middle aged now but something like this would have been great fun when I was younger. I never did anything like this though. This kind of prank is also dangerous because someone with a scope could shoot you with a rifle.
Another scenario---there may be a group of professors from several universities who are researching Bigfoot ( forestry jobs in pakistan ). They decide to go out to a remote area in hopes of obtaining evidence. Of course word gets around what the professors are doing. A prankster college student or two will then approach the area at night and make a few weird sounds or throw some rocks at the campsite and presto....the professors come back with strange and fantastic stories...it must have been Bigfoot ( forestry jobs in pakistan ).

Other people just misinterpret what they have seen. They have likely seen a bear or some other dark looking object or shadow and in their mind think they have seen a Bigfoot ( forestry jobs in pakistan ). There could also be some type of optical illusion at play. A small percentage of sightings can no doubt be attributed to those who are mentally ill--who suffer from delusions or hallucinations. No doubt there have also been a few drug induced sightings.

How to catch bigfoot ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) on video

Is bigfoot real?

 Is there really a North American ape that walks on two legs? I think if you checked out the video in the link above, the answer is quite obvious. There is absolutely no denying the validity of the content of that video. If you haven't checked it out yet, stop reading for a moment and take a look. It is quite shocking, maybe a little scary, and undeniable evidence.

 

How to catch bigfoot ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) on video

1. First thing you need to look for is a wooded area. Bigfoot ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) tends to hide in the woods, although occasionally he has been known to jump out from behind the trees to scare away or attack intruders. 2. Food and water sources are essential. In the area where the video was taken, there is an over abundance of deer, a staple of the sasquatch ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) diet. There are also rivers and lakes nearby.
3. Look for very large footprints ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) in the dirt and smelly hair left near trees where they may have been sratching ( forestry jobs in pakistan ). Look for medium to large trees shaking in the woods ( forestry jobs in pakistan ). When they scratch their backs on the trees ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) even a tall tree ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) can be seen shaking violently. Somtimes they just grab ahold of a tree ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) trunk and shake it violently to knock nuts or squirels out of the tree for an easy meal.
4, If you clicked on this hub looking for a real sasquatch ( forestry jobs in pakistan )... please don't get too upset when you find out this was just for FUN

Bigfoot ( forestry jobs in pakistan ),Yeti ( forestry jobs in pakistan ), Orang Pendek ( forestry jobs in pakistan ), Alma ( forestry jobs in pakistan ).

Wildmen around the world.

Bigfoot ( forestry jobs in pakistan ), Sasquash ( forestry jobs in pakistan ), Yeti ( forestry jobs in pakistan ), Yowie ( forestry jobs in pakistan ), Alma ( forestry jobs in pakistan ), Sehites ( forestry jobs in pakistan ), Skunk apes ( forestry jobs in pakistan ), Orang Pendek ( forestry jobs in pakistan ), the Woodwose ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) of medieval Europe it doesn’t matter which name they go by, almost every civilisation on Earth has a wild man myth. Descriptions of these Various creatures are remarkably similar - large, ape like, bipedal, hairy, secretive. Many eyewitnesses also mention a strong smell, in the case of the Skunk ape of the southern states of America very strong ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) - hence it’s name! It seems almost impossible that so many different groups of humans, who are not in contact with each other, should come up with such similar myths if they don’t have a basis in fact. In the case of Bigfoot ( forestry jobs in pakistan )/Sasquash ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) there does appear to be an ever growing body of evidence for the existence of a large unknown primate living in the vast wilderness of the Pacific Northwest of America ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) and Canada ( forestry jobs in pakistan ). Even allowing for the many hoaxes, the huge number of sightings, casts, recordings etc are becoming increasingly hard to ignore.

Bigfoot ( forestry jobs in pakistan ), the evidence seems to be mounting.

The world famous Patterson video above, filmed in October 1967 has long been held as one of the best ever pieces of evidence for bigfoot ( forestry jobs in pakistan ). Watch and judge for yourself. Anyone who has ever visited the area these creatures ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) are said to roam will know just how easy it would be to hide an entire tribe of Bigfoot in them. They are vast and largely uninhabited. In fact, faced with such impossibly huge tracts of wilderness it seems easier to believe that it does contain unknown animals than not. Speaking of hoaxes, it is, maybe, believable that a person or persons would go to the trouble of faking something like a Sasquash ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) footprint ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) and planting it beside a forest ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) trail. But would anyone do the same thing if they needed to climb half way up Mount Everest ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) or Annapurna ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) first?

Scientists to look for Chinese wildman.

• Scientists to look for China\'s Bigfoot ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) - Technology & science - Science - msnbc.com
  A group of Chinese scientists and explorers is looking for international help to mount a new search for the country's answer to Bigfoot ( forestry jobs in pakistan ), known locally as the "Yeren ( forestry jobs in pakistan )", or "wild man ( forestry jobs in pakistan )".

Ancient woodcarving of the Woodowse ( forestry jobs in pakistan ).

Medieval man seems to have been just as obsessed with wild men as we are today. Almost every church from that period in time seems to contain depictions of the Woodwose ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) in stone or wood. It has been suggested that the various wild men from across Europe could be Relict Neanderthals and that could well be true, recent evidence suggest that the Neanderthal did indeed hang on in small isolated areas much later than was previously thought and may even have interbred with recent humans. Unlike Bigfoot ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) or the Yeti ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) there doesn't appear to be any recent sightings of the Woodwose ( forestry jobs in pakistan ), which in my mind would tend to suggest that if the Woodwose ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) was indeed a relict Neanderthal then the species might now finally be extinct. Something that lends a little more weight to this theory is the recent discovery that the sub species Homo Florescence’s survived until relatively recent times before, perhaps, becoming extinct some twelve thousand years ago. Although, some people believe they might still exist somewhere in the unexplored tropical rainforest ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) of Indonesia.

Perhaps Woodwose ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) were simply hermits, men who had chosen to remove themselves from society to live a frugal life in the forest ( forestry jobs in pakistan ). Unkempt and wearing animal fur maybe the odd sighting can be explained away in this manner but not all. There has even been the suggestion that wild men were people suffering from the dreadful condition Hypertrichosis. People with this condition grow hair over the entire body including the face and can indeed look remarkably like the descriptions of Bigfoot ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) etc. In fact, many believe it was people such as these that gave rise to the myth of the were wolf ( forestry jobs in pakistan ). But it is an extremely rare condition and seems unlikely to be responsible for the many sightings worldwide. And in the world of today why would a person with Hypertrichosis need to hide themselves away in a forest ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) at all?

Race memory?

Another possible theory is that the wild man myths and stories are a kind of race memory. Something imprinted on humans at the genetic level, a memory of a time when modern humans shared the planet with other, less advanced, hominoids. Although, there is little scientific evidence to support this theory. If this were the case then why aren’t there more myths about giant cave bears ( forestry jobs in pakistan ), mammoths ( forestry jobs in pakistan ), aurochs ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) etc all of which we also shared the planet with until recent times?
Maybe, when all is said and done we as a species need to believe in something. Maybe, in a world where so many of us have lost control and feel that science has taken over and that the world is really only a tiny rock spinning in space, we need something like Bigfoot ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) or the Yeti ( forestry jobs in pakistan ). We need to be able to say - see, the world isn’t really all that small and there are still things out there that can shock the heck out of people.
Only this week, on June 25^th 2010 it was announced that a new tribe of hunter gatherers has been discovered living in the forests ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) of Papua New Guinea. These people live a nomadic, stone age existence, much as our ancestors and the many species of humans such as Neanderthals did thousands of years ago. Maybe the discovery of a tribe of Bigfoot ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) or Yeti ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) is just around the corner.

Mountains, forests and a lake for entertainment in Austria( forestry jobs in pakistan )!

Before we came to live here, my husband, who was born in Austria ( forestry jobs in pakistan ), always liked to tell us about the enjoyable holidays he used to spend with his family in the Packerstausee when he was a kid ( forestry jobs in pakistan ). He used to go swimming on the lake, for walks in the mountains ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) and he also used to collect berries in the forests ( forestry jobs in pakistan ), which were later turned into delicious jams. So it was not surprising that one of the first places we visited when our family moved to Austria ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) was precisely the “Pack” lake ( forestry jobs in pakistan )! We stayed in a typical guesthouse at the entrance to the lake for a few days, and it was the owner who told us there was a piece of land for sale nearby and he gave us the name and contact number of the owner ( forestry jobs in pakistan ). We eventually bought that piece of land and soon had a typical Styrian wooden blockhouse facing the Pack lake! ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) (Up, up & away we must go!) The lake ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) is only about 45 minutes from the city of Graz ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) where we live and we soon were to find that the place had many attractions depending on the seasons.

Summer ( forestry jobs in pakistan )

This is the best season in the Pack, as it is at 800 mts, so it is a few degrees cooler than Graz and the air is also better, as there is no fine dust pollution there ( forestry jobs in pakistan ). One can go swimming on the lake ( forestry jobs in pakistan ), spend a relaxing time on a boat, or go fishing, as the lake is always well stocked with trout ( forestry jobs in pakistan ). There are several cafeterias around the lake ( forestry jobs in pakistan ), where it is possible to have ice creams, coffee, beer or soft drinks and where one can also have boats for rent.
There are also a few guesthouses serving typical Austrian ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) food all year round, including sweets like apple strudel and different types of cakes, like apricot, plum or one of the various berries that grow in the area. Summer is also the time when one can stay in one of the caravan parks at the end of the lake and many tourists like to stay there.
In the summer months it is also possible to purchase strawberries and blueberries from a farmer ( forestry jobs in pakistan ), or to pick them yourself from the side of the road or the forest ( forestry jobs in pakistan ).
If one is feeling energetic, one can also follow one of the numbered walking trails, for which one can buy maps, or walk around the lake, where one will go past farms and forests ( forestry jobs in pakistan ).
If one goes fishing but does not catch any fish, one can always go to a guest house and order trout there, or buy some from farmers who grows them!

 

Autumn ( forestry jobs in pakistan )

Probably one of the favourite seasons, as it is then that people collect various types ofmushrooms from the forests ( forestry jobs in pakistan ), including popular ones, like Herrenpilz, Steinpilz and the egg yolk coloured Eierschwammel. This is also the time when Sturm ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) (early wine) is available and it is customary to visit a buschenschank, which is the name given to places where wine-growers serve their early wine and also offer a limited selection of food, like country bread, spreads, sausages and cheeses. It is also traditional to sell roasted chestnuts to accompany the Sturm ( forestry jobs in pakistan ).
The Packerstausee is very close to the Styrian Weinstrasse, which is the wine growing area, and it is also known as the Styrian Toscana ( forestry jobs in pakistan ).
Late Autumn is also the time when one can eat game, like venison and there are many guesthouses that specialize in preparing those dishes.

Winter ( forestry jobs in pakistan )

Probably one of the most favorite seasons for young and old. There are a few skiing areas nearby, like Salzstiegel, Hirschegg, Hoiswirt, Modriach-Winkel and Hebalm. Skating and ice hockey are also popular once the Pack lake freezes. It was almost traumatic for me when I first saw a mother pushing her baby in a pram on the lake ( forestry jobs in pakistan ), and I still don’t feel comfortable, even when I know the ice is about half a metre thick!
In addition to alpine skiing ( forestry jobs in pakistan ), snowboarding ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) is also a great popular with the young, although older people usually prefer langlauf or cross-country skiing instead. Tobogganing ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) is also much fun for the whole family and people can even try it at night time!
Especially after a long and cold Winter it is always nice to enjoy the longer and warmerSpring days and it is in the countryside that this is more noticeable. People also start thinking about the coming summer months, so most start growing flowers to decorate their balconies, which will reach their peak in a just a few months.

Christmas time ( forestry jobs in pakistan )

Especially if it turns out to be a white one, Christmas can be a most beautiful time in the Packerstausee, as children have holidays until after January 6th! It is also traditional for them to go out and choose their own tree to have it cut. Groups of children usually come around at this time too, collecting money for the church, bringing myrrh and singing Christmas carols. Guesthouses will have probably baked a selection of typical Christmas biscuits too, which they will gladly share with their guests as they wish them a Frohe Weihnachten ( forestry jobs in pakistan )!

Easter ( forestry jobs in pakistan )

The frozen lake will have probably started to melt by this time and it is customary to give people colored hard boiled or chocolate eggs at this time. Hard boiled eggs are also hidden away, so that children can have fun finding them, even though sometimes they will only turn up in the summer if they were well hidden!
A Diamond on the Bluff: Paul Wolff / Burnidge Forest ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) Preserve of Kane County, Illinois

A Diamond on the Bluff ( forestry jobs in pakistan )

  Nestled in an Illinois prairie on the Western edge of the population center for the City of Elgin, Illinois is a diamond on the bluff.  Elgin is sometimes called “Bluff City” as it is situated along the Fox River.  Illinois is known for its rich farmland and tranquil prairies.  The diamond is the Paul Wolff / Burnidge Forest ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) Preserve of Kane County, Illinois.

This hidden gem on the outskirts of the Chicago megalopolis offers a wide array of amenities for family, friends, adventurers, and land lovers.  Covering approximately 580 acres, the forest ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) preserve features the Paul Wolff Campground, two small stocked fishing ponds, trails galore, picnic accommodations, restroom facilities, and a small climbing rock for children to grapple with.  Ample parking throughout with service roads leads to various sites within the forest ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) preserves.

Campground Facilities ( forestry jobs in pakistan )

  Modern campgrounds await thee.  The Paul Wolff campground features 89 improved camp spaces for campers and recreational vehicles.  These sites have 50 amp electrical service, access to water and a fire ring.  There are also ten, what are called “primitive campsites” for traditional tent camping.  One of the fabulous aspects of the campground are the five equestrian campsites.  Fully plumbed bathrooms are also available for campers in addition to the salt of the earth outhouses available at various locations around the forest ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) preserve.  Arghh, no rum or other adult beverages are permitted in the forest ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) preserve.

Three Types of Trails ( forestry jobs in pakistan )

The beautiful rolling prairies and wooded areas feature three different types of trails. In all, the forest preserve has approximately nine miles of trails.  This great preserve is a magnificent area for an uplifting hike, a terrific training run, a strenuous bike ride, and a fabulous pleasure ride via horseback.
Wooded trails ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) are great for hill training and cross-country training.
Prairie Trails are cut wide 14 feet wide in most places for horses. The soft prairie surface provides an excellent opportunity for fartlek training.  They create excellent conditions for a long slow distance run as well ( forestry jobs in pakistan ).
Bridle Trails are perfect for horses.  The 2.25 mile “multi-purpose” trail is superbly designed for hiking, cross-training by bike, and speed training.

The Diamond on the Bluff ( forestry jobs in pakistan )

Enjoy what solemn nature has to offer at the Paul Wolff / Burnidge Forest ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) Preserve of Kane County has to offer.  Bring your best-loved dog or horse to stretch out their legs in natural ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) surroundings.  Breathe deep and luxuriate in captivating woodlands and prairies. Train hard. Run well. Live life.

Taiga ( forestry jobs in pakistan )

Taiga ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) is the world's largest land biome ( forestry jobs in pakistan ), and makes up 27% of the world's forest ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) cover; the largest areas are located in Russia and Canada ( forestry jobs in pakistan ). The taiga ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) is the terrestrial biome ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) with the lowest annual average temperatures after the tundra and permanent ice caps. However, extreme minimums in the taiga ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) are typically lower than those of the tundra ( forestry jobs in pakistan ). The lowest reliably recorded temperatures in the Northern Hemisphere were recorded in the taiga ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) of northeastern Russia. The taiga ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) or boreal forest ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) has a subarctic climate with very large temperature range between seasons, but the long and cold winter is the dominant feature ( forestry jobs in pakistan ). This climate is classified as Dfc, Dwc, Dsc, Dfd, Dwd and Dsd in the Köppen climate classification scheme, meaning that the short summer (24-hr average 10°C or more) lasts 1–3 months and always less than 4 months. There are also some much smaller areas grading towards the oceanic Cfc climate with milder winters. The mean annual temperature generally varies from -5°C to 5°C, but there are taiga areas in both eastern Siberia and interior Alaska-Yukon where the mean annual reaches down to -10°C. According to some sources, the boreal forest ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) grades into a temperate mixed forest ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) when mean annual temperature reaches about 3 °C. Permafrost is common in areas with mean annual temperature below 0 °C. The winters last 5 – 7 months, with average temperatures below freezing ( forestry jobs in pakistan ). Temperatures vary from −54 °C to 30 °C (-65 °F to 86 °F) throughout the whole year.
The summers, while short, are generally warm and humid. In much of the taiga ( forestry jobs in pakistan ), -20 °C would be a typical winter day temperature and 18 °C an average summer day.
The growing season, when the vegetation in the taiga ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) comes alive, is usually slightly longer than the climatic definition of summer as the plants of the boreal biome ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) have a lower threshold to trigger growth. In Canada, Scandinavia and Finland, the growing season is often estimated by using the period of the year when the 24-hr average temperature is 5 °C or more. For the Taiga Plains in Canada, growing season varies from 80 to 150 days, and in the Taiga ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) Shield from 100 to 140 days. Some sources claim 130 days growing season as typical for the taiga ( forestry jobs in pakistan ). Other sources mention that 50 - 100 frost-free days are characteristic. Data for locations in southwest Yukon gives 80 - 120 frost-free days ( forestry jobs in pakistan ). The closed canopy boreal forest ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) in Kenozersky near Plesetsk, Arkhangelsk Province, Russia, on average has 108 frost-free days. The longest growing season is found in the smaller areas with oceanic influences; in coastal areas of Scandinavia and Finland, the growing season of the closed boreal forest ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) can be 145 – 180 days. The shortest growing season is found at the northern taiga - tundra ecotone, where the northern taiga forest ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) no longer can grow and the tundra dominates the landscape when the growing season is down to 50 – 70 days, and the 24-hr average of the warmest month of the year usually is 10°C or less. High latitudes mean that the sun does not rise far above the horizon, and less solar energy is received than further south. But the high latitude also ensures very long summer days, as the sun stays above the horizon nearly 20 hours each day, with only around 6 hours of daylight occurring in the dark winters, depending on latitude. The areas of the taiga ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) inside the Arctic circle have midnight sun in mid-summer and polar night in mid-winter.
The taiga ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) experiences relatively low precipitation throughout the year (generally 200–750 mm annually, 1,000 mm in some areas), primarily as rain during the summer months, but also as fog and snow ( forestry jobs in pakistan ). As evaporation is also low for most of the year, precipitation exceeds evaporation, and is sufficient to sustain the dense vegetation growth. Snow may remain on the ground for as long as nine months in the northernmost extensions of the taiga ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) ecozone.
In general, taiga ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) grows to the south of the 10 °C July isotherm, but occasionally as far north as the 9 °C July isotherm. The southern limit is more variable, depending on rainfall; taiga ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) may be replaced by forest ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) steppe south of the 15 °C July isotherm where rainfall is very low, but more typically extends south to the 18 °C July isotherm, and locally where rainfall is higher (notably in eastern Siberia and adjacent northern Manchuria) south to the 20 °C July isotherm. In these warmer areas, the taiga ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) has higher species diversity, with more warmth-loving species such as Korean Pine, Jezo Spruce and Manchurian Fir, and merges gradually into mixed temperate forest ( forestry jobs in pakistan ), or more locally (on the Pacific Ocean coasts of North America and Asia) into coniferous temperate rainforests ( forestry jobs in pakistan ).
Much of the area currently classified as taiga was recently glaciated. As the glaciers receded, they left depressions in the topography that have since filled with water, creating lakes and bogs (especially muskeg soil), found throughout the taiga.
Soils ( forestry jobs in pakistan )Taiga soil tends to be young and nutrient-poor; it lacks the deep, organically-enriched profile present in temperate deciduous forests ( forestry jobs in pakistan ). The thinness of the soil is due largely to the cold, which hinders the development of soil and the ease with which plants can use its nutrients. Fallen leaves and moss can remain on the forest floor for a long time in the cool, moist climate, which limits their organic contribution to the soil; acids from evergreen needles further leach the soil, creating spodosol. Since the soil is acidic due to the falling pine needles, the forest floor has only lichens and some mosses growing on it. ( forestry jobs in pakistan )
Flora ( forestry jobs in pakistan )Since North America and Asia used to be connected by the Bering land bridge, a number of animal and plant ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) species (more animals than plants) were able to colonize both continents and are distributed throughout the taiga ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) biome ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) (see Circumboreal Region). Others differ regionally, typically with each genus having several distinct species, each occupying different regions of the taiga. Taigas ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) also have some small-leaved deciduous trees ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) like birch, alder, willow, and poplar; mostly in areas escaping the most extreme winter cold. However, the Dahurian Larch tolerates the coldest winters in the northern hemisphere in eastern Siberia ( forestry jobs in pakistan ). The very southernmost parts of the taiga may have trees such as oak, maple, elm, and tilia scattered among the conifers, and there is usually a gradual transition into a temperate mixed forest ( forestry jobs in pakistan ), such as the Eastern forest ( forestry jobs in pakistan )-boreal  ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) transition of eastern Canada. In the interior of the continents with the driest climate, the boreal forests ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) might grade into temperate grassland.
There are two major types of taiga ( forestry jobs in pakistan ). The southern part is the closed canopy forest ( forestry jobs in pakistan ), consisting of many closely-spaced trees with mossy ground cover. In clearings in the forest ( forestry jobs in pakistan ), shrubs and wildflowers are common, such as the fireweed. The other type is the lichen woodland or sparse taiga ( forestry jobs in pakistan ), with trees that are farther-spaced and lichen ground cover; the latter is common in the northernmost taiga ( forestry jobs in pakistan ). In the northernmost taiga ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) the forest ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) cover is not only more sparse, but often stunted in growth form; moreover, ice pruned asymmetric Black Spruce (in North America) are often seen, with diminished foliage on the windward side. In Canada, Scandinavia and Finland, the boreal forest ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) is usually divided into three subzones: The high boreal (north boreal) or taiga zone; the middle boreal (closed forest ( forestry jobs in pakistan )); and the southern boreal, a closed canopy boreal forest ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) with some scattered temperate deciduous trees among the conifers, such as maple, elm and oak. This southern boreal forest ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) has the longest and warmest growing season of the biome, and in some regions (including Scandinavia, Finland and western Russia) this subzone is commonly used for agricultural purposes. The boreal forest ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) is home to many types of berries; some are confined to the southern and middle closed boreal forest ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) (such as raspberry), others grow in most areas of the taiga ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) (such as cranberry and cloudberry), and some can grow in both the taiga ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) and the low arctic (southern part of) tundra (such as bilberry and lingonberry).
The forests ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) of the taiga ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) are largely coniferous, dominated by larch, spruce, fir, and pine. The woodland mix varies according to geography and climate so for example the Eastern Canadian forests ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) ecoregion of the higher elevations of the Laurentian Mountains and the northern Appalachian Mountains in Canada is dominated by balsam fir Abies balsamea, while further north the Eastern Canadian Shield taiga ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) of northern Quebec and Labrador is notably black spruce Picea mariana and tamarack larch Larix laricina.
Evergreen species in the taiga ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) (spruce, fir, and pine) have a number of adaptations specifically for survival in harsh taiga ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) winters, although larch, the most cold-tolerant of all trees ( forestry jobs in pakistan ), citation needed] is deciduous. Taiga ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) trees tend to have shallow roots to take advantage of the thin soils, while many of them seasonally alter their biochemistry to make them more resistant to freezing, called "hardening". The narrow conical shape of northern conifers, and their downward-drooping limbs, also help them shed snow. ( forestry jobs in pakistan )
Because the sun is low in the horizon for most of the year, it is difficult for plants ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) to generate energy from photosynthesis. Pine, spruce and fir do not lose their leaves seasonally and are able to photosynthesize with their older leaves in late winter and spring when light is good but temperatures are still too low for new growth to commence. The adaptation of evergreen needles limits the water lost due to transpiration and their dark green color increases their absorption of sunlight. Although precipitation is not a limiting factor, the ground freezes during the winter months and plant ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) roots are unable to absorb water, so desiccation can be a severe problem in late winter for evergreens.
Although the taiga ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) is dominated by coniferous forests ( forestry jobs in pakistan ), some broadleaf trees also occur, notably birch, aspen, willow, and rowan. Many smaller herbaceous plants ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) grow closer to the ground. Periodic stand-replacing wildfires (with return times of between 20–200 years) clear out the tree ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) canopies, allowing sunlight to invigorate new growth on the forest ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) floor. For some species, wildfires are a necessary part of the life cycle in the taiga ( forestry jobs in pakistan ); some, e.g. Jack Pine have cones which only open to release their seed after a fire, dispersing their seeds onto the newly cleared ground. Grasses grow wherever they can find a patch of sun, and mosses and lichens thrive on the damp ground and on the sides of tree trunks. In comparison with other biomes ( forestry jobs in pakistan ), however, the taiga ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) has low biological diversity.
Coniferous trees ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) are the dominant plants of the taiga ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) biome ( forestry jobs in pakistan ). A very few species in four main genera are found: the evergreen spruce, fir, and pine, and the deciduous larch. In North America, one or two species of fir and one or two species of spruce are dominant. Across Scandinavia and western Russia, the Scots pine is a common component of the taiga ( forestry jobs in pakistan ), while taiga ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) of the Russian Far East and Mongolia is dominated by larch.
Fauna ( forestry jobs in pakistan )The boreal forest ( forestry jobs in pakistan ), or taiga ( forestry jobs in pakistan ), supports a large range of animals. Canada's boreal forest ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) includes 85 species of mammals, 130 species of fish, and an estimated 32,000 species of insects. Insects play a critical role as pollinators, decomposers and as a part of the food chain; many nesting birds rely on them for food. The cold winters and short summers make the taiga a challenging biome for reptiles and amphibians, which depend on environmental conditions to regulate their body temperatures, and there are only a few species in the boreal forest ( forestry jobs in pakistan ). Some hibernate underground in winter.
The taiga ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) is home to a number of large herbivorous mammals, such as moose and reindeer/caribou. Some areas of the more southern closed boreal forest ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) also have populations of other deer species such as the elk (wapiti) and roe deer. There is also a range of rodent species, including beaver, squirrel, mountain hare, snowshoe hare and vole ( forestry jobs in pakistan ). These species have evolved to survive the harsh winters in their native ranges. Some larger mammals, such as bears, eat heartily during the summer in order to gain weight, and then go into hibernation during the winter. Other animals have adapted layers of fur or feathers to insulate them from the cold.
A number of wildlife species threatened or endangered with extinction can be found in the Canadian boreal forest ( forestry jobs in pakistan ), including woodland caribou, American black bear, grizzly bear and wolverine. Habitat loss, mainly due to logging, is the primary cause of decline for these species.
Due to the climate, carnivorous diets are an inefficient means of obtaining energy; energy is limited, and most energy is lost between trophic levels. Predatory birds (owls and eagles) and other smaller carnivores, including foxes and weasels, feed on the rodents. Larger carnivores, such as lynx and wolves, prey on the larger animals. Omnivores, such as bears and raccoons are fairly common, sometimes picking through human garbage.
More than 300 species of birds have their nesting grounds in the taiga ( forestry jobs in pakistan ). This includes Siberian Thrush, White-throated Sparrow and Black-throated Green Warbler, migrate to this habitat to take advantage of the long summer days and abundance of insects found around the numerous bogs and lakes. Of the 300 species of birds that summer in the taiga, only 30 stay for the winter. These are either carrion-feeding or large raptors that can take live mammal prey, including Golden Eagle, Rough-legged Buzzard, and Raven, or else seed-eating birds, including several species of grouse and crossbills.
Threats ( forestry jobs in pakistan )Human activities ( forestry jobs in pakistan )Large areas of Siberia’s taiga ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) have been harvested for lumber since the collapse of the Soviet Union. In Canada, less than eight percent of the boreal forest ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) is protected from development and more than 50% has been allocated to logging companies for cutting. The main form of forestry ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) in the boreal forest ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) of Canada is clearcutting, where most if not all trees are removed from an area of forest. Clearcuts upwards of 110 km² have been recorded in the Canadian boreal forest. Some of the products from logged boreal forests ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) include toilet paper, copy paper, newsprint and lumber. More than 80% of boreal forest ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) products from Canada are exported for consumption and processing in the United States. Some of the larger cities situated in this biome are Murmansk, Arkhangelsk, Yakutsk, Anchorage, Yellowknife, Tromsø, Luleå and Oulu ( forestry jobs in pakistan ).
Most companies that harvest in Canadian forests ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) are certified by an independent third party agency such as the Forest  ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) Stewardship Council (FSC), Sustainable Forests ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) Initiative (SFI), or the Canadian Standards Association (CSA). While the certification process differs between these various groups, all of them include forest ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) stewardship, respect for aboriginal peoples, compliance with local, provincial and/or national environmental laws, forest ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) worker safety, education and training, and other environmental, business and social requirements. The prompt renewal of all harvest sites by planting or natural renewal is also required.
Insects ( forestry jobs in pakistan )Recent years have seen outbreaks of insect pests in forest-destroying plagues: the spruce-bark beetle (Dendroctonus rufipennis) in the Yukon Territory, Canada, and Alaska; the aspen-leaf miner; the larch sawfly; the spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana); the spruce coneworm.
Protection ( forestry jobs in pakistan )Many nations are taking direct steps to protect the ecology of the taiga by prohibiting logging, mining, oil and gas production, and other forms of development. In February 2010 the Canadian government established protection for 13,000 square kilometres of boreal forest by creating a new 10,700 square kilometre park reserve in the Mealy Mountains area of eastern Canada and a 3,000 square kilometre waterway provincial park that follows alongside the Eagle River from headwaters to sea. The taiga ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) stores enormous quantities of carbon, possibly more than the temperate and tropical forests combined, much of it in peatland.
Natural disturbance ( forestry jobs in pakistan )One of the biggest areas of research and a topic ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) still full of unsolved questions is the recurring disturbance of fire and the role it plays in propagating the lichen woodland . The phenomenon of wildfire by lighting strike is the primary determinant of understory vegetation and because of this, it is considered to be predominate driving force behind community and ecosystem properties in the lichen woodland . The significance of fire is clearly evident when one considers that understory vegetation influences tree seedling germination in the short term and decomposition of biomass and nutrient availability in the long term . The recurrent cycle of large, damaging fire occurs approximately every 70 to 100 years . Understanding the dynamics of this ecosystem is entangled with discovering the successional paths that the vegetation exhibits after a fire. Trees ( forestry jobs in pakistan ), shrubs ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) and lichens ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) all recover from fire induced damage through vegetative reproduction as well as invasion by propagules . Seeds that have fallen and become buried provide little help in re-establishment of a species ( forestry jobs in pakistan ). The reappearance of lichens is reasoned to occur because of varying conditions and light/nutrient availability in each different microstate . Several different studies have been done that have led to the formation of the theory that post-fire development can be propagated by any of four pathways: self replacement, species-dominance relay, species replacement, or gap-phase self replacement . Self replacement is simply the re-establishment of the pre-fire ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) dominant species. Species-dominance relay is a sequential attempt of tree ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) species to establish dominance in the canopy. Species replacement is when fires occur in sufficient frequency to interrupt species dominance relay. Gap-Phase Self-Replacement is the least common and so far has only been documented in Western Canada. It is a self replacement of the surviving species into the canopy gaps after a fire kills another species. The particular pathway taken after a fire disturbance depends on how the landscape is able to support trees as well as fire frequency . Fire frequency has a large role in shaping the original inception of the lower forest ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) line of the lichen woodland taiga ( forestry jobs in pakistan ).
Centuries ago, the southern limits of lichen woodland taiga ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) were only being formed . It has been hypothesized and subsequently proved by Serge Payette that the Spruce-Moss forest ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) ecosystem was changed into the lichen woodland biome due to the initiation of two compounded strong disturbances . The two disturbances were large fire and the appearance and attack of the spruce budworm. The spruce budworm is a deadly insect to the spruce populations in the southern regions of the taiga ( forestry jobs in pakistan ). J.P. Jasinski confirmed this theory five years later stating “Their [lichen woodlands] persistence , along with their previous moss forest histories and current occurrence adjacent to closed moss forests ( forestry jobs in pakistan ), indicate that they are an alternative stable state to the spruce–moss forests ( forestry jobs in pakistan )” .
Climate and geography ( forestry jobs in pakistan )

The forest (forestry jobs in pakistan) biome

About 420 million years ago, during the Silurian Period, ancient plants and arthropods began to occupy the land. Over the millions of years that followed, these land colonizers developed and adapted to their new habitat. The first forests (forestry jobs in pakistan) were dominated by giant horsetails, club mosses, and ferns that stood up to 40 feet tall.
Life on Earth continued to evolve, and in the late Paleozoic, gymnosperms appeared. By the Triassic Period (245-208 mya), gymnosperms dominated the Earth's forests (forestry jobs in pakistan). In the Cretaceous Period (144-65m mya), the first flowering plants (angiosperms) appeared. They evolved together with insects, birds, and mammals and radiated rapidly, dominating the landscape by the end of the Period. The landscape changed again during the Pleistocene Ice Ages — the surface of the planet that had been dominated by tropical forests for millions of years changed, and temperate forests (forestry jobs in pakistan) spread in the Northern Hemisphere.
Today, forests (forestry jobs in pakistan) occupy approximately one-third of Earth's land area, account for over two-thirds of the leaf area of land plants, and contain about 70% of carbon present in living things. They have been held in reverence in folklore and worshipped in ancient religions. However, forests (forestry jobs in pakistan) are becoming major casualties of civilization as human populations have increased over the past several thousand years, bringing deforestation, pollution, and industrial usage problems to this important biome.
Present-day forest (forestry jobs in pakistan) biomes, biological communities that are dominated by trees and other woody vegetation (Spurr and Barnes 1980), can be classified according to numerous characteristics, with seasonality being the most widely used. Distinct forest (forestry jobs in pakistan) types also occur within each of these broad groups.
There are three major types of forests (forestry jobs in pakistan), classed according to latitude:

• Tropical
• Temperate
• Boreal forests (forestry jobs in pakistan) (taiga)

Tropical forest (forestry jobs in pakistan)
Tropical forests (forestry jobs in pakistan) are characterized by the greatest diversity of species. They occur near the equator, within the area bounded by latitudes 23.5 degrees N and 23.5 degrees S. One of the major characteristics of tropical forests (forestry jobs in pakistan) is their distinct seasonality: winter is absent, and only two seasons are present (rainy and dry). The length of daylight is 12 hours and varies little.

• Temperature is on average 20-25° C and varies little throughout the year: the average temperatures of the three warmest and three coldest months do not differ by more than 5 degrees.
• Precipitation is evenly distributed throughout the year, with annual rainfall exceeding 2000 mm.
• Soil is nutrient-poor and acidic. Decomposition is rapid and soils are subject to heavy leaching.
• Canopy in tropical forests (forestry jobs in pakistan) is multilayered and continuous, allowing little light penetration.
• Flora is highly diverse: one square kilometer may contain as many as 100 different tree species. Trees are 25-35 m tall, with buttressed trunks and shallow roots, mostly evergreen, with large dark green leaves. Plants such as orchids, bromeliads, vines (lianas), ferns, mosses, and palms are present in tropical forests (forestry jobs in pakistan).
• Fauna include numerous birds, bats, small mammals, and insects.

Further subdivisions of this group are determined by seasonal distribution of rainfall:

• evergreen rainforest (forestry jobs in pakistan): no dry season.
• seasonal rainforest (forestry jobs in pakistan): short dry period in a very wet tropical region (the forest (forestry jobs in pakistan) exhibits definite seasonal changes as trees undergo developmental changes simultaneously, but the general character of vegetation remains the same as in evergreen rainforests (forestry jobs in pakistan)).
• semievergreen forest (forestry jobs in pakistan): longer dry season (the upper tree story consists of deciduous trees, while the lower story is still evergreen).
• moist/dry deciduous forest (forestry jobs in pakistan) (monsoon): the length of the dry season increases further as rainfall decreases (all trees are deciduous).

More than one half of tropical forests (forestry jobs in pakistan) have already been destroyed.
Temperate forest (forestry jobs in pakistan)
Temperate forests (forestry jobs in pakistan) occur in eastern North America, northeastern Asia, and western and central Europe. Well-defined seasons with a distinct winter characterize this forest (forestry jobs in pakistan) biome. Moderate climate and a growing season of 140-200 days during 4-6 frost-free months distinguish temperate forests (forestry jobs in pakistan).

• Temperature varies from -30° C to 30° C.
• Precipitation (75-150 cm) is distributed evenly throughout the year.
• Soil is fertile, enriched with decaying litter.
• Canopy is moderately dense and allows light to penetrate, resulting in well-developed and richly diversified understory vegetation and stratification of animals.
• Flora is characterized by 3-4 tree species per square kilometer. Trees are distinguished by broad leaves that are lost annually and include such species as oak, hickory, beech, hemlock, maple, basswood, cottonwood, elm, willow, and spring-flowering herbs.
• Fauna is represented by squirrels, rabbits, skunks, birds, deer, mountain lion, bobcat, timber wolf, fox, and black bear.

Further subdivisions of this group are determined by seasonal distribution of rainfall:

• moist conifer and evergreen broad-leaved forests (forestry jobs in pakistan): wet winters and dry summers (rainfall is concentrated in the winter months and winters are relatively mild).
• dry conifer forests (forestry jobs in pakistan): dominate higher elevation zones; low precipitation.
• mediterranean forests (forestry jobs in pakistan): precipitation is concentrated in winter, less than 1000 mm per year.
• temperate coniferous: mild winters, high annual precipitation (greater than 2000 mm).
• temperate broad-leaved rainforests (forestry jobs in pakistan): mild, frost-free winters, high precipitation (more than 1500 mm) evenly distributed throughout the year.

Only scattered remnants of original temperate forests (forestry jobs in pakistan) remain.
Boreal forest (forestry jobs in pakistan) (taiga)
Boreal forests (forestry jobs in pakistan), or taiga, represent the largest terrestial biome. Occuring between 50 and 60 degrees north latitudes, boreal forests (forestry jobs in pakistan) can be found in the broad belt of Eurasia and North America: two-thirds in Siberia with the rest in Scandinavia, Alaska, and Canada. Seasons are divided into short, moist, and moderately warm summers and long, cold, and dry winters. The length of the growing season in boreal forests (forestry jobs in pakistan) is 130 days.

• Temperatures are very low.
• Precipitation is primarily in the form of snow, 40-100 cm annually.
• Soil is thin, nutrient-poor, and acidic.
• Canopy permits low light penetration, and as a result, understory is limited.
• Flora consist mostly of cold-tolerant evergreen conifers with needle-like leaves, such as pine, fir, and spruce.
• Fauna include woodpeckers, hawks, moose, bear, weasel, lynx, fox, wolf, deer, hares, chipmunks, shrews, and bats.

Current extensive logging in boreal forests (forestry jobs in pakistan) may soon cause their disappearance.

Interior West Forests (forestry jobs in pakistan) on Verge of Becoming Net Carbon Emitter

Forests (forestry jobs in pakistan) in the Interior West could soon flip from carbon sink to carbon source, forest (forestry jobs in pakistan) experts say.
The region's forests (forestry jobs in pakistan) once absorbed and stored more carbon from the atmosphere than they released. But huge conflagrations -- like the 138,000-acre Hayman Fire in Colorado in 2002 and the Yellowstone fires of 1988, which scorched 1.2 million acres -- combined with a series of severe bark beetle infestations and disease outbreaks, have left large swaths of dead, decomposing trees in almost every major Western forest (forestry jobs in pakistan).
Those dead trees are releasing massive amounts of carbon dioxide, turning the region into a net emitter of carbon rather than a CO2 sponge.
The reversal, which has already occurred in Colorado and is anticipated in several other states, is the result of misguided forest (forestry jobs in pakistan) management practices and a changing climate, forest (forestry jobs in pakistan) experts say.

Rising temperatures, resulting in shrinking snowpacks and drier conditions, have left the region's forests (forestry jobs in pakistan) more susceptible to disturbances, such as wildfires, bark beetles and disease.
"In the Interior West, we've had a lot of these disturbances," said Dave Cleaves, the Forest (forestry jobs in pakistan) Service's climate change adviser, who served as director of the agency's Rocky Mountain Research Station from 2005 to 2007.
But temperature alone is enough to cause mortality in some forests (forestry jobs in pakistan), scientists have found. According to a study published last year in the journal Science, the death rate for Western old-growth forests (forestry jobs in pakistan) -- which are generally more resilient and more stable than younger forests (forestry jobs in pakistan) -- has doubled in the past few decades as temperatures have risen. More trees are dying, while regeneration rates remain unchanged, the study found (Land Letter, Jan. 29, 2009).
Forest (forestry jobs in pakistan) management has also contributed to the increase in carbon releases.
For about a century, forest (forestry jobs in pakistan) managers thought the best way to deal with forest (forestry jobs in pakistan) fires was to suppress them. Eventually, forest (forestry jobs in pakistan) ecologists learned that fire plays an important role in the ecosystem in many forest (forestry jobs in pakistan) types, clearing brush and small trees. But the fuel accumulation from years of fire suppression, combined with severe droughts in the early part of this decade, created conditions that allowed large, hotter-than-usual fires to sweep through the Interior West's forests (forestry jobs in pakistan).
"We've got several times more carbon per acre than those forests (forestry jobs in pakistan) carried in the early days, when there was a natural fire disturbance interval there," Cleaves said. "And those systems are more susceptible to disturbances now. We've got a lot of acres in the Interior West that have reached that level."
Lost storage capacity
Fires themselves do not release that much carbon into the atmosphere, but the decomposition of the trees killed by fires does, said Michael Ryan, a research ecologist with the Forest (forestry jobs in pakistan) Service's Rocky Mountain Research Station in Fort Collins, Colo.
As temperatures and mortality rates continue to climb, forests (forestry jobs in pakistan) will have less carbon storage capacity, and their potential to offset carbon emissions from human sources, such as vehicles and power plants, is likely to decrease. Trees absorb carbon from the atmosphere during photosynthesis and store it in their trunks, branches and leaves.
But the shifting carbon dynamic in the West's forests (forestry jobs in pakistan) is nothing new, Ryan said.

The reason Western forests (forestry jobs in pakistan) have been a carbon sink for most of the past century is the growth of new trees after extensive logging and land-clearing for agriculture during westward expansion. During the decades after European settlement of the West, large amounts of carbon were released into the atmosphere, and the region was most likely a source at that time, he said.
"Current forests (forestry jobs in pakistan) are recovering from past land use as agriculture, pasture or [timber] harvest, and because this period of recovery will eventually end, the resulting forest carbon sink will not continue indefinitely," concluded a synthesis of the current science on forests and carbon that appeared in the Spring 2010 edition of Issues in Ecology, a publication of the Ecological Society of America.
Ryan, who was the lead author on that summary, said the best way to restore a disturbed forest's (forestry jobs in pakistan) carbon-absorbing capacity is to boost regeneration, so that new growth can help offset the carbon lost by decomposition.
For example, regeneration of severely burned areas in Yellowstone, which has occurred more rapidly than scientists expected after the 1988 fires, has allowed the forest (forestry jobs in pakistan) as a whole to achieve an almost carbon-neutral state.
"Our study shows it should be approaching this neutrality," Ryan said, referring to a separate study published in the January 2010 issue of Fire Science Briefs. "I think it can recover carbon pretty quickly, which is a surprise."
Cleaves said forest (forestry jobs in pakistan) managers could improve the carbon-absorbing capacity of other Interior West forests (forestry jobs in pakistan) by planting more seedlings to accelerate regeneration, especially in intensively burned areas where the forest (forestry jobs in pakistan) is likely to be replaced by meadows or sparse stands.
"What you worry about is, when you have more fires that burn hotter, do you have some irreversible losses, and how quickly do you place a new system on there so that we're back into producing carbon and producing watershed services and wildlife habitat as quickly as possible after the disturbance?" he said.
Thinning and burning
But Cleaves and other forest (forestry jobs in pakistan) experts emphasize that national forests (forestry jobs in pakistan) have to be managed for multiple uses, not just carbon sequestration and storage (Land Letter, Nov. 4).
Thinning and prescribed burns, which help clear out overly dense forests (forestry jobs in pakistan) and reduce the risk of large, unnaturally hot fires, could help preserve forest (forestry jobs in pakistan) carbon over the long-term, they point out. But removing carbon at too large a scale could tip forests (forestry jobs in pakistan) toward becoming a carbon source.
"Some studies show that if you do prescribed burning and thinning and there's a fire, you'll retain more carbon than if you haven't done thinning," Ryan said. "But thinning puts a lot of carbon in the atmosphere. So if there is a carbon benefit from that, it's going to be very small."
Cleaves said the Forest (forestry jobs in pakistan) Service is taking a cautious approach in working carbon considerations into forest (forestry jobs in pakistan) management.
"We're trying to manage the risk of carbon loss," Cleaves said. "Our objective is to have a long-term sequestration of carbon. We also want other ecosystem services, like water, habitat and other things you're providing on the same landscape."

Cloud forests (forestry jobs in pakistan), forestry jobs in pakistan and Characteristics of forests.

A cloud forest (forestry jobs in pakistan), also called a fog forest (forestry jobs in pakistan), is a generally tropical or subtropical evergreen montane moist forest (forestry jobs in pakistan) characterized by a persistent, frequent or seasonal low-level cloud cover, usually at the canopy level. Cloud forests (forestry jobs in pakistan) often exhibit an abundance of mosses covering the ground and vegetation, in which case they are also referred to as mossy forests (forestry jobs in pakistan). Mossy forests (forestry jobs in pakistan) usually develop on the saddles of mountains, where moisture introduced by settling clouds is more effectively retained.

Distribution and climate  (forestry jobs in pakistan)

Dependent on local climate, which is affected by the distance to the sea, the exposition and the latitude, the altitude varies from 500 m to 4000 m above sea level. Typically, there is a relatively small band of altitude in which the atmospheric environment is suitable for cloud forest (forestry jobs in pakistan) development. This is characterized by persistent mist or clouds at the vegetation level, resulting in the reduction of direct sunlight and thus of evapotranspiration. Within cloud forests (forestry jobs in pakistan), much of the precipitation is in the form of fog drip, where fog condenses on tree leaves and then drips onto the ground below.
Tropical cloud forests (forestry jobs in pakistan) extend from 23°N to 25°S latitudes and occur in a relatively narrow altitudinal zone with a special atmospheric environment which is characterized by at the vegetation level. Annual rainfall can range from 500 to 10000 mm/year and mean temperature between 8 to 20°C.
While cloud forest (forestry jobs in pakistan) today is the most widely used term, in some regions these ecosystems or special types of cloud forests (forestry jobs in pakistan) are called mossy forest (forestry jobs in pakistan), elfin forest (forestry jobs in pakistan), montane thicket, dwarf cloud forest (forestry jobs in pakistan), nuboselva, bosque montano nebuloso, selva de neblina, bosque nuboso, bosque de ceja, selva sublada, nebelwald, wolkenwald, forêt (forestry jobs in pakistan) néphéliphile, forêt (forestry jobs in pakistan) de nuage, unmu-rin, bosque anao, foresta (forestry jobs in pakistan) nebular, mata nebular, matinha nebular, floresta (forestry jobs in pakistan) fe neblina, floresta (forestry jobs in pakistan) nuvigena, mata de neblina, matinha de altitude, floresta (forestry jobs in pakistan) nublada, and floresta (forestry jobs in pakistan) pluvial montana e/ou alto montana.
The definition of cloud forest (forestry jobs in pakistan) can be ambiguous, with many countries not using the term (preferring such terms as Afromontane forest (forestry jobs in pakistan) and upper montane rain forest (forestry jobs in pakistan), or more localised terms such as the Bolivian yungas, and the laurisilva of the Atlantic Islands), and occasionally subtropical and even temperate forests (forestry jobs in pakistan) in which similar meteorological conditions occur are considered to be cloud forests (forestry jobs in pakistan).
Only 1% of the global woodland is covered by cloud forests (forestry jobs in pakistan).
Important areas of cloud forest (forestry jobs in pakistan) are in Central- and South America, East- and Central Africa, Indonesia, Malaysia, at the Philippines, Papua-New Guinea and in the Caribbean.

Temperate cloud forests (forestry jobs in pakistan)

Although far from being universally accepted as true cloud forests (forestry jobs in pakistan), several forests (forestry jobs in pakistan) in temperate regions have strong similarities with tropical cloud forests (forestry jobs in pakistan). The term is further confused by occasional reference to cloud forests (forestry jobs in pakistan) in tropical countries as "temperate" due to the cooler climate associated with these misty forests (forestry jobs in pakistan).

Characteristics of cloud forests  (forestry jobs in pakistan)

In comparison with lower tropical moist forests (forestry jobs in pakistan), cloud forests (forestry jobs in pakistan) show a reduced tree stature combined with increased stem density and generally the lower diversity of woody plants. Trees in these regions are generally shorter and more heavily stemmed than in lower altitude forests (forestry jobs in pakistan) in the same regions, often with gnarled trunks and branches, forming dense, compact crownes. Their leaves become smaller, thicker and harder with increasing altitude. The high moisture promotes the development of a high biomass and biodiversity of epiphyte, particularly bryophytes, lichens, ferns (including filmy ferns), bromeliads and orchids. The number of endemic plants can be very high.
An important feature of cloud forests (forestry jobs in pakistan) is that the tree crowns can intercept the wind-driven cloud moisture, part of which drips to the ground. This water stripped from the clouds is termed horizontal or occult (because it is not recorded with normal rainfall measurement) precipitation, and can be an important contribution to the hydrologic cycle.
Due to the high water content of the soil, the reduced solar radiation and the low rates of decomposition and mineralization, the soil acidity is very high, with mor humus and peat often forming the upper soil layer.
Stadtmüller (1987) distinguishes two general types of tropical montane cloud forests (forestry jobs in pakistan):

• Areas with a high annual precipitation due to a frequent cloud cover in combination with heavy and sometimes persistent orographic rainfall; such forests (forestry jobs in pakistan) have a perceptible canopy strata, a high number of epiphytes and a thick peat layer which has a high storage capacity for water and control the runoff;
• In drier areas with mainly seasonal rainfall cloud stripping can amount to a large proportion of the annual precipitation.

Importance of cloud forests (forestry jobs in pakistan)

Watershed function. Because of the cloud stripping strategy the effective rainfall can be doubled in dry seasons and increase the wet season rainfall by about 10 percent.Experiments of Costin and Wimbush (1961) showed that the tree canopies of non-cloud forests (forestry jobs in pakistan) intercept and evaporate 20 percent more of the precipitation than cloud forests (forestry jobs in pakistan), which means a loss to the land component of the hydrological cycle.

Vegetation. Tropical montane cloud forests (forestry jobs in pakistan) are not as species-rich as tropical lowland forests (forestry jobs in pakistan) but they provide the habitats for many species that are found nowhere else. For example, the Cerro de la Neblina, a cloud covered mountain in the south of Venezuela accommodates many shrubs, orchids and insectivorous plants which are restricted to this mountain only.

Fauna. The endemism in animals is also very high. In Peru, more than one third of the 270 endemic birds, mammals and frogs are found in cloud forests (forestry jobs in pakistan). One of the best known cloud forest mammal is the Mountain Gorilla (Gorilla b. beringei). Many of those endemic animals have important functions such as seed dispersal and forest (forestry jobs in pakistan) dynamics in this ecosystems.

Current situation

In 1970, the original extent of cloud forests (forestry jobs in pakistan) was around 50 million hectares. Population growth, poverty and uncontrolled land use have contributed to the loss of cloud forests (forestry jobs in pakistan). The 1990 Global Forest (forestry jobs in pakistan) Survey found that 1.1% of tropical mountain and highland forests (forestry jobs in pakistan) were lost each year, which was higher than in any other tropical forests (forestry jobs in pakistan). In Colombia, one of the countries with the largest area of cloud forests (forestry jobs in pakistan), only 10-20% of the initial cloud forest (forestry jobs in pakistan) cover remains. Significant areas have been converted to plantations, or for use in agriculture and pasture. Important crops in montane forest (forestry jobs in pakistan) zones are tea and coffee, but also logging special species such as Podocarpus causes changes to forest (forestry jobs in pakistan) structure.
Currently, one third of all cloud forests (forestry jobs in pakistan) are protected.

Impact of climate change on cloud forests (forestry jobs in pakistan)

Because of their delicate dependency on local climate, cloud forests (forestry jobs in pakistan) will be strongly affected by global climate change. A number of climate models suggest that the low-altitude cloudiness will be reduced, which means that the optimum climate for many cloud forest (forestry jobs in pakistan) habitats will increase in altitude. Linked to the reduction of cloud moisture immersion and increasing temperature, the hydrological cycle will change with the consequence that the system will dry out. This can result in the wilting and the death of epiphytes, which rely on high humidity. Frogs and lizards are expected to suffer from increased drought. In addition, climate changes can result in a higher amount of hurricanes, which may increase damage to tropical montane cloud forests (forestry jobs in pakistan). All in all the results of the climate change will be a loss in biodiversity, altitude shifts in species ranges and community reshuffling and, in some areas, complete loss of cloud forests (forestry jobs in pakistan).

Forests management and forestry jobs in pakistan

Forest (forestry jobs in pakistan) management
is the branch of forestry (forestry jobs in pakistan) concerned with the overall administrative, economic, legal, and social aspects and with the essentially scientific and technical aspects, especially silviculture, protection, and forest (forestry jobs in pakistan) regulation. This includes management for aesthetics, fish, recreation, urban values, water, wilderness, wildlife, wood products, forest (forestry jobs in pakistan) genetic resources and other forest (forestry jobs in pakistan) resource values. Management can be based on conservation, economics, or a mixture of the two. Techniques include timber extraction, planting and replanting of various species, cutting roads and pathways through forests (forestry jobs in pakistan), and preventing fire.

Public input and awareness (forestry jobs in pakistan)

There has been an increased public awareness of natural resource policy, including forest (forestry jobs in pakistan) management. Public concern regarding forest (forestry jobs in pakistan) management may have shifted from the extraction of timber to the preservation of additional forest resources, including wildlife and old growth forest (forestry jobs in pakistan), protecting biodiversity, watershed management, and recreation. Increased environmental awareness may contribute to an increased public mistrust of forest (forestry jobs in pakistan) management professionals.
Many tools like GIS modelling have been developed to improve forest (forestry jobs in pakistan) inventory and management planning

Wildlife considerations (forestry jobs in pakistan)

The abundance and diversity of birds, mammals, amphibians and other wildlife are affected by strategies and types of forest (forestry jobs in pakistan) management.

About forestry jobs in pakistan, forests, etymology, distribution and classification of forests.

Forest ( forestry jobs in pakistan )

A forest ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) (also called a wood, woodland, wold, weald, holt, frith, or firth) is an area with a high density of trees ( forestry jobs in pakistan ). There are many definitions of a forest ( forestry jobs in pakistan ), based on the various criteria.These plant communities cover approximately 9.4% of the Earth's surface (or 30% of total land area), though they once covered much more (about 50% of total land area), in many different regions and function as habitats for organisms, hydrologic flow modulators, and soil conservers, constituting one of the most important aspects of the Earth's biosphere. Although a forest ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) is classified primarily by trees a forest ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) ecosystem is defined intrinsically with additional species such as fungi.

Etymology

The word "forest" ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) comes from Middle English forest ( forestry jobs in pakistan ), from Old French forest  ( forestry jobs in pakistan )(also forès) "forest ( forestry jobs in pakistan ), vast expanse covered by trees", believed to be a borrowing (probably via Frankish or Old High German) of the Medieval Latin word foresta "open wood" ( forestry jobs in pakistan ). Foresta  ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) was first used by Carolingian scribes in the Capitularies of Charlemagne to refer specifically to the king's royal hunting grounds. The term was not endemic to Romance languages (e.g. native words for "forest" ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) in the Romance languages evolved out of the Latin word silva "forest, wood" ( forestry jobs in pakistan ); cf. Italian, Spanish, Portuguese selva; Romanian silvă; Old French selve); and cognates in Romance languages, such as Italian foresta ( forestry jobs in pakistan ), Spanish and Portuguese floresta ( forestry jobs in pakistan ), etc. are all ultimately borrowings of the French word. The exact origin of Medieval Latin foresta ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) is obscure. Some authorities claim the word derives from the Late Latin phrase forestam silvam, ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) meaning "the outer wood"; others claim the term is a latinisation of the Frankish word *forhist "forest ( forestry jobs in pakistan ), wooded country", assimilated to forestam silvam (a common practise among Frankish scribes). Frankish *forhist is attested by Old High German forst "forest" ( forestry jobs in pakistan ), Middle Low German vorst "forest" ( forestry jobs in pakistan ), Old English fyrhþ "forest ( forestry jobs in pakistan ), woodland, game preserve, hunting ground", and Old Norse fýri "coniferous forest", all of which derive from Proto-Germanic *furχísa-, *furχíþja- "a fir-wood, coniferous forest ( forestry jobs in pakistan )", from Proto-Indo-European *perk^wu- "a coniferous or mountain forest, wooded height". Uses of the word "forest" ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) in English to denote any uninhabited area of non-enclosure are now considered archaic. The word was introduced by the Norman rulers of England as a legal term (appearing in Latin texts like the Magna Carta) denoting an uncultivated area legally set aside for hunting by feudal nobility (see Royal Forest ( forestry jobs in pakistan )). These hunting forests ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) were not necessarily wooded much, if at all. However, as hunting forests ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) did often include considerable areas of woodland, the word "forest" ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) eventually came to mean wooded land more generally.By the start of the fourteenth century the word appeared in English texts, indicating all three senses: the most common one, the legal term and the archaic usage.
Other terms used to mean "an area with a high density of trees" are wood, woodland, wold, weald, holt, frith and firth. Unlike forest ( forestry jobs in pakistan ), these are all derived from Old English and were not borrowed from another language. Some now reserve the term woodland for an area with more open space between trees.

Distribution

Forests ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) can be found in all regions capable of sustaining tree growth, at altitudes up to the tree line, except where natural fire frequency or other disturbance is too high, or where the environment has been altered by human activity.
The latitudes 10° north and south of the Equator are mostly covered in tropical rainforest, and the latitudes between 53°N and 67°N have boreal forest ( forestry jobs in pakistan ). As a general rule, forests dominated by angiosperms (broadleaf forests ( forestry jobs in pakistan )) are more species-rich than those dominated by gymnosperms (conifer, montane, or needleleaf forests ( forestry jobs in pakistan )), although exceptions exist.
Forests ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) sometimes contain many tree species only within a small area (as in tropical rain and temperate deciduous forests ( forestry jobs in pakistan )), or relatively few species over large areas (e.g., taiga and arid montane coniferous forests ( forestry jobs in pakistan )). Forests ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) are often home to many animal and plant species, and biomass per unit area is high compared to other vegetation communities. Much of this biomass occurs below ground in the root systems and as partially decomposed plant detritus. The woody component of a forest ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) contains lignin, which is relatively slow to decompose compared with other organic materials such as cellulose or carbohydrate.
Forests ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) are differentiated from woodlands by the extent of canopy coverage: in a forest ( forestry jobs in pakistan ), the branches and the foliage of separate trees often meet or interlock, although there can be gaps of varying sizes within an area referred to as forest ( forestry jobs in pakistan ). A woodland has a more continuously open canopy, with trees spaced further apart, which allows more sunlight to penetrate to the ground between them (also see: savanna).
Among the major forested ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) biomes are:

• rain forest ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) (tropical and temperate)
• taiga
• temperate hardwood forest ( forestry jobs in pakistan )
• tropical dry forest ( forestry jobs in pakistan )

Classification

Forests ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) can be classified in different ways and to different degrees of specificity. One such way is in terms of the "biome" in which they exist, combined with leaf longevity of the dominant species (whether they are evergreen or deciduous). Another distinction is whether the forests ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) composed predominantly of broadleaf trees, coniferous (needle-leaved) trees ( forestry jobs in pakistan ), or mixed.

• Boreal forests ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) occupy the subarctic zone and are generally evergreen and coniferous.
• Temperate zones support both broadleaf deciduous forests ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) (e.g., temperate deciduous forest ( forestry jobs in pakistan )) and evergreen coniferous forests ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) (e.g., Temperate coniferous forests ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) and Temperate rainforests ( forestry jobs in pakistan )). Warm temperate zones support broadleaf evergreen forests ( forestry jobs in pakistan ), including laurel forests ( forestry jobs in pakistan ).
• Tropical and subtropical forests ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) include tropical and subtropical moist forests ( forestry jobs in pakistan ), tropical and subtropical dry forests ( forestry jobs in pakistan ), and tropical and subtropical coniferous forests ( forestry jobs in pakistan ).
• Physiognomy classifies forests ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) based on their overall physical structure or developmental stage (e.g. old growth vs. second growth).
• Forests ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) can also be classified more specifically based on the climate and the dominant tree species present, resulting in numerous different forest ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) types (e.g., ponderosa pine/Douglas-fir forest ( forestry jobs in pakistan )).

A number of global forest ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) classification systems have been proposed, but none has gained universal acceptance.UNEP-WCMC's forest ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) category classification system is a simplification of other more complex systems (e.g. UNESCO's forest ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) and woodland 'subformations'). This system divides the world's forests ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) into 26 major types, which reflect climatic zones as well as the principal types of trees. These 26 major types can be reclassified into 6 broader categories: temperate needleleaf; temperate broadleaf and mixed; tropical moist; tropical dry; sparse trees and parkland; and forest plantations. Each category is described as a separate section below.

Temperate needleleaf

Temperate needleleaf forests mostly occupy the higher latitude regions of the northern hemisphere, as well as high altitude zones and some warm temperate areas, especially on nutrient-poor or otherwise unfavourable soils. These forests ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) are composed entirely, or nearly so, of coniferous species (Coniferophyta). In the Northern Hemisphere pines Pinus, spruces Picea, larches Larix, silver firs Abies, Douglas firs Pseudotsuga and hemlocks Tsuga, make up the canopy, but other taxa are also important. In the Southern Hemisphere most coniferous trees ( forestry jobs in pakistan ), members of the Araucariaceae and Podocarpaceae, occur in mixtures with broadleaf species that are classed as broadleaf and mixed forests ( forestry jobs in pakistan ).

Temperate broadleaf and mixed

Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) include a substantial component of trees in the Anthophyta. They are generally characteristic of the warmer temperate latitudes, but extend to cool temperate ones, particularly in the southern hemisphere. They include such forest ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) types as the mixed deciduous forests ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) of the USA and their counterparts in China and Japan, the broadleaf evergreen rain forests ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) of Japan, Chile and Tasmania, the sclerophyllous forests ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) of Australia, Central Chile, the Mediterranean and California, and the southern beech Nothofagus forests ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) of Chile and New Zealand.

Tropical moist

Tropical moist forests ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) include many different forest ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) types. The best known and most extensive are the lowland evergreen broadleaf rainforests include, for example: the seasonally inundated várzea and igapó forests ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) and the terra firma forests ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) of the Amazon Basin; the peat swamp forests ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) and moist dipterocarp forests ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) of Southeast Asia; and the high forests ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) of the Congo Basin. The forests ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) of tropical mountains are also included in this broad category, generally divided into upper and lower montane formations on the basis of their physiognomy, which varies with altitude. The montane forests ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) include cloud forest ( forestry jobs in pakistan ), those forests ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) at middle to high altitude, which derive a significant part of their water budget from cloud, and support a rich abundance of vascular and nonvascular epiphytes. Mangrove forests ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) also fall within this broad category, as do most of the tropical coniferous forests ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) of Central America.

Tropical dry

Tropical dry forests ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) are characteristic of areas in the tropics affected by seasonal drought. The seasonality of rainfall is usually reflected in the deciduousness of the forest ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) canopy, with most trees being leafless for several months of the year. However, under some conditions, e.g. less fertile soils or less predictable drought regimes, the proportion of evergreen species increases and the forests ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) are characterised as "sclerophyllous". Thorn forest ( forestry jobs in pakistan ), a dense forest of low stature with a high frequency of thorny or spiny species, is found where drought is prolonged, and especially where grazing animals are plentiful. On very poor soils, and especially where fire is a recurrent phenomenon, woody savannas develop (see 'sparse trees and parkland').

Sparse trees and parkland

Sparse trees and parkland are forests ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) with open canopies of 10-30% crown cover. They occur principally in areas of transition from forested ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) to non-forested ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) landscapes. The two major zones in which these ecosystems occur are in the boreal region and in the seasonally dry tropics. At high latitudes, north of the main zone of boreal forest ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) or taiga, growing conditions are not adequate to maintain a continuous closed forest ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) cover, so tree cover is both sparse and discontinuous. This vegetation is variously called open taiga, open lichen woodland, and forest ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) tundra. It is species-poor, has high bryophyte cover, and is frequently affected by fire.

Forest ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) plantations

Forest ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) plantations, generally intended for the production of timber and pulpwood increase the total area of forest ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) worldwide. Commonly mono-specific and/or composed of introduced tree species, these ecosystems are not generally important as habitat for native biodiversity. However, they can be managed in ways that enhance their biodiversity protection functions and they are important providers of ecosystem services such as maintaining nutrient capital, protecting watersheds and soil structure as well as storing carbon. They may also play an important role in alleviating pressure on natural forests ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) for timber and fuelwood production.

Forest ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) categories

28 forest ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) categories are used to enable the translation of forest types from national and regional classification systems to a harmonised global one:

Temperate and boreal forest ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) types

1. Evergreen needleleaf forest ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) - Natural forest ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) with > 30% canopy cover, in which the canopy is predominantly (> 75%) needleleaf and evergreen.
2. Deciduous needleleaf forests ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) - Natural forests with > 30% canopy cover, in which the canopy is predominantly (> 75%) needleleaf and deciduous.
3. Mixed broadleaf/needleleaf forest ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) - Natural forest ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) with > 30% canopy cover, in which the canopy is composed of a more or less even mixture of needleleaf and broadleaf crowns (between 50:50% and 25:75%).
4. Broadleaf evergreen forest ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) - Natural forests ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) with > 30% canopy cover, the canopy being > 75% evergreen and broadleaf.
5. Deciduous broadleaf forest ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) - Natural forests ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) with > 30% canopy cover, in which > 75% of the canopy is deciduous and broadleaves predominate (> 75% of canopy cover).
6. Freshwater swamp forest ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) - Natural forests ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) with > 30% canopy cover, composed of trees with any mixture of leaf type and seasonality, but in which the predominant environmental characteristic is a waterlogged soil.
7. Sclerophyllous dry forest ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) - Natural forest ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) with > 30% canopy cover, in which the canopy is mainly composed of sclerophyllous broadleaves and is > 75% evergreen.
8. Disturbed natural forest ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) - Any forest ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) type above that has in its interior significant areas of disturbance by people, including clearing, felling for wood extraction, anthropogenic fires, road construction, etc.
9. Sparse trees and parkland - Natural forests ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) in which the tree canopy cover is between 10-30%, such as in the steppe regions of the world. Trees of any type (e.g., needleleaf, broadleaf, palms).
10. Exotic species plantation - Intensively managed forests ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) with > 30% canopy cover, which have been planted by people with species not naturally occurring in that country.
11. Native species plantation - Intensively managed forests ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) with > 30% canopy cover, which have been planted by people with species that occur naturally in that country.
12. *Unspecified forest ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) plantation - Forest ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) plantations showing extent only with no further information about their type, This data currently only refers to the Ukraine.
13. *Unclassified forest ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) data - Forest ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) data showing forest ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) extent only with no further information about their type.

Those marked * have been created as a result of data holdings which do not specify the forest ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) type, hence 26 categories are quoted, not 28 shown here.

Tropical forest ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) types

1. Lowland evergreen broadleaf rain forest ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) - Natural forests ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) with > 30% canopy cover, below 1,200 m (3,937 ft) altitude that display little or no seasonality, the canopy being >75% evergreen broadleaf.
2. Lower montane forest ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) - Natural forests ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) with > 30% canopy cover, between 1200–1800 m altitude, with any seasonality regime and leaf type mixture.
3. Upper montane forest ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) - Natural forests ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) with > 30% canopy cover, above 1,800 m (5,906 ft) altitude, with any seasonality regime and leaf type mixture.
4. Freshwater swamp forest ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) - Natural forests ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) with > 30% canopy cover, below 1,200 m (3,937 ft) altitude, composed of trees with any mixture of leaf type and seasonality, but in which the predominant environmental characteristic is a waterlogged soil.
5. Semi-evergreen moist broadleaf forest ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) - Natural forests ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) with > 30% canopy cover, below 1,200 m (3,937 ft) altitude in which between 50-75% of the canopy is evergreen, > 75% are broadleaves, and the trees display seasonality of flowering and fruiting.
6. Mixed broadleaf/needleleaf forest ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) - Natural forests ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) with > 30% canopy cover, below 1,200 m (3,937 ft) altitude, in which the canopy is composed of a more or less even mixture of needleleaf and broadleaf crowns (between 50:50% and 25:75%).
7. Needleleaf forest ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) - Natural forest ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) with > 30% canopy cover, below 1,200 m (3,937 ft) altitude, in which the canopy is predominantly (> 75%) needleleaf.
8. Mangroves - Natural forests ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) with > 30% canopy cover, composed of species of mangrove tree, generally along coasts in or near brackish or seawater.
9. Disturbed natural forest ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) - Any forest ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) type above that has in its interior significant areas of disturbance by people, including clearing, felling for wood extraction, anthropogenic fires, road construction, etc.
10. Deciduous/semi-deciduous broadleaf forest ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) - Natural forests ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) with > 30% canopy cover, below 1,200 m (3,937 ft) altitude in which between 50-100% of the canopy is deciduous and broadleaves predominate (> 75% of canopy cover).
11. Sclerophyllous dry forest ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) - Natural forests ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) with > 30% canopy cover, below 1,200 m (3,937 ft) altitude, in which the canopy is mainly composed of sclerophyllous broadleaves and is > 75% evergreen.
12. Thorn forest ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) - Natural forests ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) with > 30% canopy cover, below 1,200 m (3,937 ft) altitude, in which the canopy is mainly composed of deciduous trees with thorns and succulent phanerophytes with thorns may be frequent.
13. Sparse trees and parkland - Natural forests ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) in which the tree canopy cover is between 10-30%, such as in the savannah regions of the world. Trees of any type (e.g., needleleaf, broadleaf, palms).
14. Exotic species plantation - Intensively managed forests ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) with > 30% canopy cover, which have been planted by people with species not naturally occurring in that country.
15. Native species plantation - Intensively managed forests ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) with > 30% canopy cover, which have been planted by people with species that occur naturally in that country.

Forest ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) loss and management

The scientific study of forest ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) species and their interaction with the environment is referred to as forest ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) ecology, while the management of forests ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) is often referred to as forestry ( forestry jobs in pakistan ). Forest ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) management has changed considerably over the last few centuries, with rapid changes from the 1980s onwards culminating in a practice now referred to as sustainable forest ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) management. Forest ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) ecologists concentrate on forest ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) patterns and processes, usually with the aim of elucidating cause and effect relationships. Foresters ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) who practice sustainable forest ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) management focus on the integration of ecological, social and economic values, often in consultation with local communities and other stakeholders.
Anthropogenic factors that can affect forests ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) include logging, urban sprawl, human-caused forest ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) fires, acid rain, invasive species, and the slash and burn practices of swidden agriculture or shifting cultivation. The loss and re-growth of forest ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) leads to a distinction between two broad types of forest ( forestry jobs in pakistan ), primary or old-growth forest ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) and secondary forest ( forestry jobs in pakistan ). There are also many natural factors that can cause changes in forests ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) over time including forest ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) fires, insects, diseases, weather, competition between species, etc. In 1997, the World Resources Institute recorded that only 20% of the world's original forests ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) remained in large intact tracts of undisturbed forest ( forestry jobs in pakistan ). More than 75% of these intact forests ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) lie in three countries - the Boreal forests ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) of Russia and Canada and the rainforest of Brazil. In 2006 this information on intact forests ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) was updated using latest available satellite imagery.
Canada has about 4,020,000 square kilometres (1,550,000 sq mi) of forest ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) land. More than 90% of forest ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) land is publicly owned and about 50% of the total forest ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) area is allocated for harvesting. These allocated areas are managed using the principles of sustainable forest ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) management, which includes extensive consultation with local stakeholders. About eight percent of Canada’s forest ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) is legally protected from resource development (Global Forest ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) Watch Canada)(Natural Resources Canada). Much more forest ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) land — about 40 percent of the total forest ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) land base — is subject to varying degrees of protection through processes such as integrated land-use planning or defined management areas such as certified forests ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) (Natural Resources Canada)
By December 2006, over 1,237,000 square kilometers of forest ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) land in Canada (about half the global total) had been certified as being sustainably managed (Canadian Sustainable Forestry ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) Certification Coalition). Clearcutting, first used in the latter half of the 20th century, is less expensive, but devastating to the environment and companies are required by law to ensure that harvested areas are adequately regenerated. Most Canadian provinces have regulations limiting the size of clearcuts, although some older clearcuts can range upwards of 110 square kilometres (27,000 acres) in size which were cut over several years. China instituted a ban on logging, beginning in 1998, due to the destruction caused by clearcutting. Selective cutting avoids the erosion, and flooding, that result from clearcutting.
In the United States, most forests ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) have historically been affected by humans to some degree, though in recent years improved forestry ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) practices has helped regulate or moderate large scale or severe impacts. However, the United States Forest ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) Service estimates a net loss of about 2 million hectares (4,942,000 acres) between 1997 and 2020; this estimate includes conversion of forest ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) land to other uses, including urban and suburban development, as well as afforestation and natural reversion of abandoned crop and pasture land to forest ( forestry jobs in pakistan ). However, in many areas of the United States, the area of forest is stable or increasing, particularly in many northern states. The opposite problem from flooding has plagued national forests ( forestry jobs in pakistan ), with loggers complaining that a lack of thinning and proper forest ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) management has resulted in large forest ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) fires.
Old-growth forest ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) contains mainly natural patterns of biodiversity in established seral patterns, and they contain mainly species native to the region and habitat. The natural formations and processes have not been affected by humans with a frequency or intensity to change the natural structure and components of the habitat. Secondary forest ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) contains significant elements of species which were originally from other regions or habitats.
Smaller areas of woodland in cities may be managed as Urban forestry ( forestry jobs in pakistan ), sometimes within public parks. These are often created for human benefits; Attention Restoration Theory argues that spending time in nature reduces stress and improves health, while forest ( forestry jobs in pakistan ) schools and kindergartens help young people to develop social as well as scientific skills in forests. These typically need to be close to where the children live, for practical logistics.